Apex Developer Guide
Spring '26 preview (API version 66.0)
Winter '26 (API version 65.0)
Summer '25 (API version 64.0)
Spring '25 (API version 63.0)
Winter '25 (API version 62.0)
Summer '24 (API version 61.0)
Spring '24 (API version 60.0)
Winter '24 (API version 59.0)
Summer '23 (API version 58.0)
Spring '23 (API version 57.0)
Winter '23 (API version 56.0)
Summer '22 (API version 55.0)
Spring '22 (API version 54.0)
Winter '22 (API version 53.0)
Summer '21 (API version 52.0)
Spring '21 (API version 51.0)
Winter '21 (API version 50.0)
Summer '20 (API version 49.0)
Spring '20 (API version 48.0)
Winter '20 (API version 47.0)
Summer '19 (API version 46.0)
Spring '19 (API version 45.0)
Winter '19 (API version 44.0)
Summer '18 (API version 43.0)
Spring '18 (API version 42.0)
Winter '18 (API version 41.0)
Summer '17 (API version 40.0)
Spring '17 (API version 39.0)
Winter '17 (API version 38.0)
Summer '16 (API version 37.0)
Spring '16 (API version 36.0)
Winter '16 (API version 35.0)
Summer '15 (API version 34.0)
Spring '15 (API version 33.0)
Winter '15 (API version 32.0)
Spring '14 (API version 30.0)
Release Notes
Data Types
Primitive Data Types
Enums
Variables
Constants
Expressions
Expression Operators
Safe Navigation Operator
Null Coalescing Operator
Operator Precedence
Comments
Assignment Statements
Rules of Conversion
Apex Reference
Expressions and Operators
An expression is a construct made up of variables, operators, and method invocations that
evaluates to a single value.
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Expressions
An expression is a construct made up of variables, operators, and method invocations that evaluates to a single value. -
Expression Operators
Expressions can be joined to one another with operators to create compound expressions. -
Safe Navigation Operator
Use the safe navigation operator (?.) to replace explicit, sequential checks for null references. This operator short-circuits expressions that attempt to operate on a null value and returns null instead of throwing a NullPointerException. -
Null Coalescing Operator
The ?? operator returns its right-hand side operand when its left-hand side operand is null. Similar to the safe navigation operator (?.), the null coalescing operator (??) replaces verbose and explicit checks for null references in code. -
Operator Precedence
Operators are interpreted in order, according to rules. -
Comments
Both single and multiline comments are supported in Apex code.