Salesforce DX Developer Guide

How Salesforce Developer Experience Changes the Way You Work
Project Setup
Authorization
Authorize an Org Using the Web-Based Flow
Authorize an Org Using the JWT-Based Flow
Create a Private Key and Self-Signed Digital Certificate
Create a Connected App
Use an Existing Access Token Instead of Authorizing
Authorization Information for an Org
Scratch Orgs
Development
Build and Release Your App
Develop Second-Generation Packages (Beta)
Continuous Integration
Troubleshoot Salesforce DX
Limitations for Salesforce DX
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Use an Existing Access Token Instead of Authorizing

When you authorize into an org using the force:auth commands, the Salesforce CLI takes care of generating and refreshing all tokens, such as the access token. But sometimes you want to run a few CLI commands against an existing org without going through the entire authorization process. In this case, you must provide the access token and instance URL of the org.
  1. Use force:config:set to set the instanceUrl config value to the Salesforce instance that hosts the existing org to which you want to connect. 
    1sfdx force:config:set instanceUrl=https://na35.salesforce.com
  2. When you run the CLI command, use the org’s access token as the value for the --targetusername parameter rather than the org’s username. 
    1sfdx force:mdapi:deploy --deploydir <md-dir> --targetusername <access-token>

The CLI does not store the access token in its internal files. It uses it only for this CLI command run.