Extended Class Example

1// Top-level (outer) class must be public or global (usually public unless they contain
2// a Web Service, then they must be global)
3public class OuterClass {
4
5  // Static final variable (constant) – outer class level only
6  private static final Integer MY_INT;
7
8  // Non-final static variable - use this to communicate state across triggers
9  // within a single request)
10  public static String sharedState;
11  
12  // Static method - outer class level only
13  public static Integer getInt() { return MY_INT; }
14
15  // Static initialization (can be included where the variable is defined)
16  static {
17    MY_INT = 2; 
18  }
19
20  // Member variable for outer class
21  private final String m;
22
23  // Instance initialization block - can be done where the variable is declared, 
24  // or in a constructor
25  {
26    m = 'a';  
27  }
28  
29  // Because no constructor is explicitly defined in this outer class, an implicit, 
30  // no-argument, public constructor exists
31
32  // Inner interface
33  public virtual interface MyInterface { 
34
35    // No access modifier is necessary for interface methods - these are always 
36    // public or global depending on the interface visibility
37    void myMethod(); 
38  }
39
40  // Interface extension
41  interface MySecondInterface extends MyInterface { 
42    Integer method2(Integer i); 
43  }
44
45  // Inner class - because it is virtual it can be extended.
46  // This class implements an interface that, in turn, extends another interface.
47  // Consequently the class must implement all methods.
48  public virtual class InnerClass implements MySecondInterface {
49
50    // Inner member variables
51    private final String s;
52    private final String s2;
53
54    // Inner instance initialization block (this code could be located above)
55    {
56       this.s = 'x';
57    }
58
59    // Inline initialization (happens after the block above executes)
60    private final Integer i = s.length();
61 
62    // Explicit no argument constructor
63    InnerClass() {
64       // This invokes another constructor that is defined later
65       this('none');
66    }
67
68    // Constructor that assigns a final variable value
69    public InnerClass(String s2) { 
70      this.s2 = s2; 
71    }
72
73    // Instance method that implements a method from MyInterface.
74    // Because it is declared virtual it can be overridden by a subclass.
75    public virtual void myMethod() { /* does nothing */ }
76
77    // Implementation of the second interface method above.
78    // This method references member variables (with and without the "this" prefix)
79    public Integer method2(Integer i) { return this.i + s.length(); }
80  }
81
82  // Abstract class (that subclasses the class above). No constructor is needed since
83  // parent class has a no-argument constructor
84  public abstract class AbstractChildClass extends InnerClass {
85
86    // Override the parent class method with this signature.
87    // Must use the override keyword
88    public override void myMethod() { /* do something else */ }
89
90    // Same name as parent class method, but different signature.
91    // This is a different method (displaying polymorphism) so it does not need
92    // to use the override keyword
93    protected void method2() {}
94
95    // Abstract method - subclasses of this class must implement this method
96    abstract Integer abstractMethod();
97  }
98
99  // Complete the abstract class by implementing its abstract method
100  public class ConcreteChildClass extends AbstractChildClass {
101    // Here we expand the visibility of the parent method - note that visibility 
102    // cannot be restricted by a sub-class
103    public override Integer abstractMethod() { return 5; }
104  }
105
106  // A second sub-class of the original InnerClass
107  public class AnotherChildClass extends InnerClass {
108    AnotherChildClass(String s) {
109      // Explicitly invoke a different super constructor than one with no arguments
110      super(s);
111    }
112  }
113  
114  // Exception inner class
115  public virtual class MyException extends Exception {
116    // Exception class member variable
117    public Double d;
118
119    // Exception class constructor    
120    MyException(Double d) {
121      this.d = d;
122    }
123    
124    // Exception class method, marked as protected
125    protected void doIt() {}
126  }
127  
128  // Exception classes can be abstract and implement interfaces
129  public abstract class MySecondException extends Exception implements MyInterface {
130  }
131}

1// Construct an instance of an inner concrete class, with a user-defined constructor
2OuterClass.InnerClass ic = new OuterClass.InnerClass('x');
3
4// Call user-defined methods in the class
5System.assertEquals(2, ic.method2(1));
6
7// Define a variable with an interface data type, and assign it a value that is of 
8// a type that implements that interface
9OuterClass.MyInterface mi = ic;
10
11// Use instanceof and casting as usual
12OuterClass.InnerClass ic2 = mi instanceof OuterClass.InnerClass ? 
13                            (OuterClass.InnerClass)mi : null;
14System.assert(ic2 != null);
15
16// Construct the outer type
17OuterClass o = new OuterClass();
18System.assertEquals(2, OuterClass.getInt());
19
20// Construct instances of abstract class children
21System.assertEquals(5, new OuterClass.ConcreteChildClass().abstractMethod());
22
23// Illegal - cannot construct an abstract class
24// new OuterClass.AbstractChildClass();
25
26// Illegal – cannot access a static method through an instance
27// o.getInt();
28
29// Illegal - cannot call protected method externally
30// new OuterClass.ConcreteChildClass().method2();