Lightning Aura Components Developer Guide

What Is the Lightning Component Framework?
Quick Start
Creating Components
Using Components
Communicating with Events
Communicating Across the DOM with Lightning Message Service
Creating Apps
Styling Apps
Developing Secure Code
Using JavaScript
Working with Salesforce Data
Lightning Data Service
Using Apex
Creating Server-Side Logic with Controllers
Apex Server-Side Controller Overview
AuraEnabled Annotation
Creating an Apex Server-Side Controller
Using Apex to Work with Salesforce Records
Granting User Access for Apex Classes
Securing Data in Apex Controllers
Calling a Server-Side Action
Passing Data to an Apex Controller
Returning Data from an Apex Server-Side Controller
Returning Errors from an Apex Server-Side Controller
Queueing of Server-Side Actions
Foreground and Background Actions
Storable Actions
Abortable Actions
Testing Your Apex Code
Making API Calls from Apex
Make Long-Running Callouts with Continuations
Creating Components in Apex
Testing Components with Lightning Testing Service
Debugging
Performance
Reference
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Creating Server-Side Logic with Controllers

The framework supports client-side (JavaScript) and server-side (Apex) controllers. An event is always wired to a client-side controller action, which can in turn call an Apex controller action. For example, a client-side controller might handle an event and call an Apex controller action to persist a record.

Server-side actions need to make a round trip, from the client to the server and back again, so they usually complete more slowly than client-side actions.

For more details on the process of calling a server-side action, see Calling a Server-Side Action.