Lightning Aura Components Developer Guide

What Is the Lightning Component Framework?
Quick Start
Creating Components
Using Components
Communicating with Events
Communicating Across the DOM with Lightning Message Service (Developer Preview)
Creating Apps
Styling Apps
Developing Secure Code
Using JavaScript
Working with Salesforce Data
Lightning Data Service
Using Apex
Creating Server-Side Logic with Controllers
Testing Your Apex Code
Making API Calls from Apex
Make Long-Running Callouts with Continuations
Creating Components in Apex
Testing Components with Lightning Testing Service
Debugging
Performance
Reference
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Using Apex

Use Apex to write server-side code, such as controllers and test classes. Use Apex only if you need to customize your user interface to do more than what Lightning Data Service allows, such as using a SOQL query to select certain records.

Apex controllers handle requests from client-side controllers. For example, a client-side controller might handle an event and call an Apex controller action to persist a record. An Apex controller can also load your record data.